Frequently Asked Questions About Cults, Apologetics and Christian Discernment

by Rev. Rafael Martinez, Director, Spiritwatch Ministries

What Do You Mean By Christian "Apologetics?"

The term "apologetics" is drawn from a Biblical Greek word "apologia", and doesn't mean one's "apology" for being a Christian!  The world literally means to give  a reasoned defense, a verbal speech in defense of oneself. Paul the apostle had to resort frequently to this when facing down the rebellious Corinthian Christians who challenged his authority (1 Cor. 9:3): "Mine answer (or apologia) to them that do examine me is this .." An apologetic is a verbal defense, an explanation for one's beliefs and practices. Therefore, Christian "apologetics" is the process of defending the claims and teachings of Christianity.

As Edward John Carnell once put it "Apologetics is that branch of Christian theology which answers the question, Is Christianity rationally defensible?" (emphasis author). Christian apologetics goes beyond simple proclamation of Biblical truths, whether in traditional preaching or systematic theology: it not only seeks to proclaim these truths but provide the answers to whoever might raise critical objections to the Christian faith. Carnell also goes on to explain the two fold purpose of apologetics: "First, to bring glory to God. Just as we would defend the words of our earthly father,  so we defend the words of  our Father in heaven. Secondly, to remove  from critics any excuse for not repenting before God.   Men who refuse Christ because of presumed 'logical errors' in Christianity are men with a self-righteousness in the area of knowledge. They are resting on props which must be pulled away." 

Christian apologetics, then, is a balanced and reasoned defense of the truth claims of orthodox and historically Biblical Christian faith and practices, with the aim of glorifying God and bringing those objecting to or distorting the faith to see not only their error but their need of a Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ.   

What Does Christianity Need Defending Against?

More than most Christians scarcely are aware of. There are innumerable challenges to Christianity today that too many Christians fail to recognize as such, from both philosophical and spiritual perspectives of every persuasion. From the pop philosophical front, certainly the most aggressive of these is the cultural conflict instigated by secular humanism, active in virtually every social institution around. This challenger makes the unstable value system of man "the measure of all things," rejecting belief in divinely revealed moral absolutes as mythology. Another age-old challenge is the popular stepchild to secular humanism, that of relativism, where it is said that one belief system is no better than another, and that absolute truth is a fluid concept that isn't necessarily universally binding. Still another one of the offspring of purely human reasoning is syncretism,  which advances a "pick and choose" approach  allowing one to create their own belief system, based entirely upon their own preferences to "follow their own path" (no matter how contradictory and flawed). 

From the spiritual dimension, the emergence of  thousands of cultic organizations with belief systems directly attacking the Christian faith has sharply risen over the past hundred years. Once found only in their Third World homelands, the allure and attraction of "world religions" such as Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism have found many disciples in the West, let alone the multiple billions they have traditionally had in the past. A full scale revival of ancient pagan spiritualities from across the globe is seen in the networking of New Age and occultic movements. And along with these phenomena there has also been a simultaneous rise of  heretical and divisive movements within the Christian Church itself that have helped to contribute to the general doctrinal and practical  erosion of Christian orthodoxy and the revival of heresy.

Despite their sheer diversity, however, there is one common element  found among them all: they all boldly set forth truth claims which oppose the exclusive claims of the Christian Gospel. These ideologies all reject at one level or another the Christian faith by establishing rival belief systems that, from Atheism to Zorastrianism, stake their own claims to absolute truth, their own divine revelation of lost knowledge. Ultimately, these spiritual and philosophical perspectives all defy and deny the historical Jesus, the Biblical Good News, and the genuine work of  the Spirit of God (2 Corinthians 11:4). These counterfeits through "good words and fair speeches" (Romans 16:18) have overthrown the Christian faith among many for centuries "through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men,  after the rudiments of the world and not after Christ." (Colossians 2:8). Throughout the Christian New Testament, Jesus and the apostles constantly warned that a time of great spiritual deceptive season prior to His return would come (Matthew 24:4, Acts 20:28-31, 2 Peter 2:1-3, Jude 3-4). These closing hours of the twentieth century certainly, in our opinion, seem to be the fulfillment of these sobering admonitions.

So what is "Christian orthodoxy" and "heresy"? Why is this such a big deal?

We cannot overemphasize the supreme and critical need for understanding the Difference between what  is  called Christian orthodoxy and that which is called heresy. Our understanding of what is  spiritually and morally "right" and what is spiritually  and morally "wrong" will obviously affect how we live and relate to this world - as well as the next. Christian orthodoxy  (the word literally means  "right teaching" or "right doctrine") provides for us those established and historical principles that define the central truths of the Christian faith. Robert Bowman concisely defines orthodoxy as  "that body of   essential  teachings which must  be held by all those who would be accepted as Christians." Such foundational beliefs are the basis of a consistent,  balanced and Biblically authenticated spirituality that can be truly called "Christian". Without them, it would be impossible to recognize what Christianity is and what it stands for. The Christian faith - as taught by Christ and preserved by the Spirit of God through apostolic teaching found in the Word of God - has in fact been preserved through the centuries, by the grace of God despite the diversity and regrettable division that has occurred in the Church since the time of Christ.

Heresy, on the other hand, in the clearest sense of the word when contrasted against Christian orthodoxy, is a description of a body of  teaching (and  the group or movement that  follows it) that contradicts these Christian essentials. "'Heresy' came to be  used to mean a  separation  or split resulting   from a false faith (1 Cor.  11:19; Gala.  5:20)," wrote Harold O.J. Brown. It "designate(s) either a doctrine or the party  holding the doctrine, a doctrine that was sufficiently intolerable to destroy the unity of the Christian church ..   something that seemed to undercut the very basis of Christian existence."   A  heretic is one who believes and advocates a heresy, which is a teaching "which directly opposes the essentials of the Christian  faith,   so  that true Christians must divide themselves from those who hold it," as Bowman himself describes it.

So the fruit of heresy is not the secondary issues that Christians have often disagreed upon. It is the establishment of doctrinal positions that deny the orthodox Christian teachings that  have been preserved since the time of the apostles. It almost always creates factions within  the church  itself that aggressively embrace the position in an objectionable and divisive fashion. Heresy destroys and   disrupts the legitimate Christian unity of the faith that orthodoxy has established. For this reason, Christians do not have an option to simply sit on the fence with a "live and  let live" attitude, as the apostle Jude made it soberingly clear:

".. When I gave all diligence to write unto you of the common salvation (the salvation we share - NIV, a reference to the orthodox understanding of Christian  teaching),  it was  needful for  me to write unto you, and exhort you that ye should earnestly contend for the faith which was once delivered unto the saints. For  there are certain men slipped in  unawares .. ungodly men,  turning the grace of our God into lasciviousness, and denying the only Lord God, and our Lord Jesus Christ."

Why do Christians label others who don't believe as they do "heretics"?

Christians are rightly justified in identifying heretics when  necessary, but sadly, throughout church history, there have been far  too many instances in which they did so far too rashly,  quickly, and wrongfully. Most of the time when   the latter occurred it was because they completely misunderstand the Biblical definition of what heresy is as we have just seen. While doctrinal disagreement  among Christians has gone on for centuries, and perhaps always will, these disagreements have, for the most part, been disputes over non-essential matters such as the mode of baptism and the form of  church government. Such disagreements are not genuine examples of "heresy", despite the regrettable instances in which the same disputing parties often called one another "heretics." Indeed, the underlying unity of the Faith has always provided for them true fellowship as fellow believers and disciples of Jesus Christ (whether they chose to accept and act upon this has been a reproach on those naming themselves Christians), despite their spiritual diversity.

Such a wondrous unity as forged  by the Word and Spirit of God does exist, even  if  it not as universally accepted or recognized as it should be by disputing Christians. Calvinists and Armenians are in agreement over the revelation of God's nature in Christ by the Spirit as a Holy Trinity, Baptists and Pentecostals universally agree that Jesus physically resurrected after His death for our sins, and despite the serious differences between them, even Roman Catholics, Orthodox and Protestants would  agree that Jesus Christ - in the fulfillment of ancient prophecies   - was born of a virgin, died for the sins of the world, rose again and will someday return to judge the living and the dead. 

On  the other hand, however, when Christians do correctly identify (as this article and web site has) certain beliefs and teachers as heretical and say as such in full view of the pluralistic age we live in, trouble usually begins. There comes a secular demand for "tolerance" at the expense of  the exclusive distinctives that Christianity has always upheld and - shockingly - equally strident cries for respecting "diversity"  from those  within the "Church" itself. Our American value of toleration, as vital as it has been, has been too long misapplied in the defense of destructive doctrines and the dismissal of Christians committed to an   orthodox and Biblically-based Christian spirituality as witch-hunting "fundies" and heresy-hunting "critics". 

his perspective on "toleration" has widely and adversely affected the Western Christian church and the unchurched world  and  has done much to advance the cause of deceptive and antichristian spirituality and philosophy  today. Despite the politically incorrect   position that absolute truth does exist, Christian apologists will continue to say as such, and identify it by contrasting Christian orthodoxy to ungodly heresy. If this involves identifying by name the offending parties,  it still  must be done, as the first-century apostles often did themselves, to preserve truth and expose  error that it might be corrected. (1 Timothy 1:3, Titus  1:10-14, 3 John 9, 2 Timothy 1:15, 2:17-18, 4:14-16).  

What is Christian "discernment"?

Christian discernment is the careful process of sorting through truth claims to arrive at the clearest possible decision concerning their trustworthiness and value as it   relates to Christian orthodoxy. Such discernment reveals, clarifies and proclaims truth and exposes, examines and rejects error. This involves the Christian fully, as it is a personal  commitment to the command of  1 Thessalonians 5:21-22 as a necessary part of Christian growth in grace (or as  verse 23  points  out sanctification).   The word "discern" appears in Matthew 16:3  (diakrino, in the Greek - denoting "to separate thoroughly"), Hebrews 5:14 (diakrisis, again in the original Greek - meaning "an estimation;  a decision") and in Ezekiel 44:23 (yada, this time in the Old Testament Hebrew - describing "to know, comprehend; to  make known"). The clear sense of the three terms is that discernment necessarily involves making value judgments between claim (a) and claim (b) as needed so as to reveal by examination which is right or wrong, or somwhere in the middle.   To make such judgments  involves  the  process of  examining the claims  by an objective standard, and for the orthodox Christian, such a standard exists only in the Word of God ( 2  Timothy 3:16).

Discernment is a Bible mandate that cannot be ignored  by Christians   claiming to walk in the light of the Faith. Hebrews 5:14 points out that spiritually mature believers will  regularly and  routinely "make decisions" or value judgments between the principles of good and  evil. Ezekiel 44:23 shows us that spiritually mature leaders will teach others  how to   accurately recognize the difference between the holy and the unholy. And Malachi 3:18 clearly reveals that spiritually mature people will be  actively involved in the process of discernment  on a  continual basis. Discernment,  according to the Bible is a critical part of Christian life.

But we are not to judge anyone! Jesus said "judge  not", didn't he?

Again,  we  would have  to  point out that this is a misinterpretation of what Jesus meant regarding judgment. The verse this is often  cited from is  found in Luke 6:37: "Judge  not, and  ye shall not be  judged: condemn not, and  ye shall not be condemned." What did Jesus mean  here? Was he outright forbidding anyone to practice the Biblically based kind of discernment as  we have just described it?

Look at John 7:24 for the answer: "Judge not according to the appearance, but judge righteous judgment." Here,  Jesus commands His followers to  not make  snap judgments based  solely upon a shallow acceptance of what one sees "on the surface" or the image being projected by the subject being considered! This is the very mistake that virtually all those who criticize discernment as "heresy hunting" commit  when demanding that we "not judge". Indeed, this is a direct command byJesus Christ Himself phrased as a nonnegotiable imperative that would be an actual sin to disobey! What Jesus is demanding here is that  we don't do the sloppy and superficial "checking out"  of  questionable things that we have for too many years done; rather, he goes on to command that godly judgment be actually done in a holy and sober manner. Christian apologists strive to base their ministry on that principle and that one alone, although admittedly, that has not been the case  in many instances.

In Revelation 2:2,  we actually find Jesus commending the Ephesian church for trying impostors who posed as apostles and were found to be "liars." Such an examination coudn't take place without a) a Scriptural mandate to "test all things", b) moral courage, and c) just plain obedience for the sake of the truth. Righteous judgment was done, and the Ephesian church was preserved from one deadly aspect of error, if not all. In this case, Jesus showed how "questioning   authority" was a right thing to  do. This was a church that "judged" but "judged" correctly, to the glory of God. So it is superficial judgment based upon shallow decision making that is actually forbidden by Christ, not the process of sound judgment itself!  

What are cultic groups? What do they have to do with this?

Debate continues over this question, especially when the contemporary sentiment that "one man's religion is another man's cult" is continually circulated by many (not without some merit, but with a great deal of intentional lack of discernment). From an orthodox Christian viewpoint that many, if not all Christian apologists would agree with, a cult is a group of people who follow one man or the group's collective wisdom, teachings and practices that, when compared with orthodox Christian doctrine always contradict it. In one  way or another, cultic groups also exalt their particular belief system as  the only exclusive way to fulfillment, knowledge of the divine and one's salvation - which no one  else can offer.   Many cults claim that their authority is derived directly from God or Bible and are the only group anywhere who really know God or are interpreting Scripture correctly (hence the rationale for some countercult workers calling some groups "Bible based"). Yet ultimately, once examined, a questionable group's doctrines will always deny orthodox Biblical truth in one way, shape or form.

There are deeper issues that go beyond the religious belief systems many cultic groups hold. Cultism -  relationship to cults themselves is - a  very much a way of life, a way of being that is far more profoundly part of what  it means to be human and humanly vulnerable to those we interact with.   In his book Cult Proofing Your Kids, Dr. Paul Martin, who directs a recovery center for ex-cultists, observes that the definition of a cult involves more than simply theological definition: he observes that a cult is 

"a group that uses methods that deprive individuals of their ability to make a free choice. They use deceitful recruitment techniques, they deceptively and destructively use the devotees' energies, and they capture the devotee's minds .. to advance the goals of the group leaders to the actual or possible detriment of members, their families, or the community. .. Cults can include groups and organizations that are not typically viewed as cults".

Michael Langone defines cults in the following terms:

"A  cult is a group or movement that, to a significant degree, (a) exhibits  great or excessive devotion or dedication to some person,  idea, or thing,  (b) uses a thought-reform program  to persuade, control and socialize members (i.e. to integrate them  into  the group's unique pattern of relationships, beliefs, values, and practices), (c) systematically induces states of psychological dependency  in members, (d) exploits members to  advance  the leadership's goals, and (e) causes psychological harm  to members, their families and the community."

Note that these definitions of cults are focus more closely on the systematic and intentional abuse of power and authority that members must submit to, and not necessarily upon their doctrinal teaching or practice. The key issue lies in the deliberate control of members' lives through manipulative patterns of group behavior. Most people will not immediately recognize any of the inherent dangers of heretical and false teachings of cultic groups, yet one thing that never fails to escape the notice of any observer is how radically someone recruited by a cult (even if it is not seen as such) will be affected by the group's influence and  social circles. Designed to indoctrinate members and force a relative or absolute submission to the group's leaders, cultic circles of influence use them to literally transform people through  psychologically abusive means that the propective member is completely unaware of.

We contend that the dogmatic false teachings and practices that cult groups in conjunction with this powerful social aspect of cultic influence provide a potent and destructive influence in the lives of those submitting to it. Groups providing both of these are what we would describe as  cultic groups, no matter their respectability, influence and social presence.

How does a cult's control of one's thoughts  psychologically harm anyone?

As we can see, cults involve themselves with more than just a  novel spirituality or philosophical speculation.  They cunningly utilize observable and predictable practices that attempt to manipulate their members by control of behavior and thought. This is what is known as cultic mind control, a term used to describe the socially applied pressures placed upon members by their cult leaders  to achieve their total submission and conformity to the group's purposes. And because such blatantly  authoritarian pressures have been exerted by those in positions of authority both within and without purely religious groups (such as political leaders, radical terrorists, business executives, therapists, dysfunctional families and   relationships, and others),  we can see that cultism and cults are far more widespread in society than we care to believe.

We must make an  important qualification here: cult mind control doesn't imply that the controlled cult member has no ability to think for themselves, but it does assert that this capacity for independent thought is largely, if not entirely, suspended through their time of indoctrination and socialization into the group. The choices to submit to the authority of the group are indeed their own,  but the choices are usually based upon their ignorance of the group's agenda of misinformation   and their seriously impaired ability to objectively examine it . The process is gradual, yet relentless. Once having made the decision to relinquish their faculties of independent and critical thinking, step by step, the member will effectivly lose their ability to make their own decisions relevant to the spirituality and/or philosophy they believe is beneficial to them. 

Steve Hassan, a cult recovery specialist, observes helpfully that cultic  mind control seeks "to undermine an individual's integrity in making  his own decisions. The  esssence of mind control  is that it encourages  dependence and conformity, and discourages autonomy and individuality (emphasis author's)." In many instances they are led to believe by cultic leaders that such a loss of autonomy is necessary for their personal good, and that any objective, independent thought concerning their personal lifestyle that  conflicts with the group belief system is actually sinful or traitorous.  When the only tool a person has to discern with - a free mind - is so completely and voluntarily hedged in under such a belief, mind control is inevitable.

The issue of cult mind control and psychological manipulation is a point of controversy among many in the countercult community. Some feel that such a coercive dynamic as cult mind control does not exist. However, we believe that many cultists have indeed been deceived by false cult authorities and then bound by mind control techniques that utilize implanted phobias, socialized conditioning and deceptive propaganda to coerce, deceive and manipulate prospective converts and the "true believer" into blindly following the authority. Independent thinking is suspended, and the control of reason and emotion is firmly conditioned by intensive interaction with this cult authority. It is our contention that the central task of the Christian countercult worker is to, by the leading of the Spirit, help the deceived to reactivate their faculties of critical thought in relation to the group or philosophy they have been deceived by - and to see that their authority they have been trusting in is both unreliable and erroneous. Cult authority must be sensitively, yet deliberately undermined. We concede that this is a controversial  topic and one that is still being widely debated, yet we feel that this website and its articles will attempt to adequately address it as time permits.

A Christian response to this real issue must be intentional and forthright. The countercult worker must be committed to a continuous process of learning, of education to learn the ins and outs of countercult strategy that deals with this crucial issue of the cult mindset. While a Christian perspective certainly takes into consideration the very real influences of the demonic,  the  plain truth is that the cult recruitment process that lures and indoctrinates prospective members of cultic groups is a thoroughly human one involving manipulation based upon social pressures.  From start to finish, the influences of group dynamics and thought control are incredibly subtle, almost indistinguishable from normal human behavior.   The human tendency to seek companionship, acceptance by authority and a desire for purpose and community in  life plays perfectly into the  hands of cultic groups who, knowing these needs, will  unhesitatingly exploit  them to make converts.   It  is unethical, coercive and certain  dishonest to say the least.   But the cult recruiter generally doesn't hesitate to round a few corners for "the truth", and half of the problem is understanding that there is a process of mind control at work that underlies, in many instances, the false and heretical doctrine   that they cult recruit  has chosen to embrace, at the peril of  body, mind and spirit.

What Is "Countercult Ministry"?

The explicitly Christian countercult ministry is a direct, deliberate and Spirit-led response to the call of the Lord Jesus Christ to His Body against last-days deception. Jesus, when asked in Matthew 24:4 about when to know when the end of the world and His coming would be at hand, said that, first of all, that His people must "take heed, lest no man deceive you." Deception is a calling card of the last days, and the Bible has prophetically and imperatively warned us to be aware of this in the most explicit manner possible. Jude 3-4 calls us to action for the love of deceived souls, and 1 Peter 3:15 is a command for all Christians to be ready to answer all who question our faith. If we have received the truth of the Gospel, then we must also be ready to contend for it, as 2 Timothy 2:24-26 teaches. The alternative is damning deception that divides families, and destroys life in the name of God.

It must be repeated for emphasis that the Scriptures have made it crystal clear that the prophecies about the end of all things and Christ's Second Coming would be foreshadowed by a tidal wave onslaught of deception. The explosive proliferation of unorthodox and aberrant religious activity in the past thirty years is , we feel, the fulfillment of this stark and sobering prophetic warning by Christ. Therein lies the critical need for a never ending vigilance against the onslaught of heresy and a never ending readiness to provide a reasoned response to its seductive advances - through upholding Christian orthodoxy and engaging in countercult work.

Countercult ministry is a militant response to this challenge of Satan. It seeks to expose the false preaching of "another Jesus" that too many cultic movements have established as "Christianity" and have alienated millions of people from the Christ of the Gospel. Dr.  Gordon Lewis' remarks on this are sobering and to the point as he sought to highlight the high stakes  involved:

" .. we are led to specialize in delivering people from counterfeit religions. .. we seek to expose (1) deceptive teachings, (2) immoral ways of life, and (3) oppressive ministerial, missiological tactics, like heavy-handed shepherding of every detail of life in religions, cults and the occult. But these are two-edged swords that have a way of cutting against aberrant Christians as well as cultists. Our battle is not only against the religious oppressors of  this dark world,  but also against 'the spiritual forces of  evil in the heavenly realms' (Eph. 6:12) .. Among the evils we  deplore in the cults are abuses of human   rights, destructive violence, institutionalized violence, and the undermining of   the family and the inhuman exploitation of people in the cults. We must deplore those evils even more if they occur among missionaries to the cults or aberrant   Christian groups."

"Lone Ranger" heroes will not survive long in this atmosphere, and the high turnover of countercult workers and ministry is proof of this. Only within the context of the Christian community of faith can such a ministry be conducted,  and only among Christians united together can countercult workers "be able to stand against  the wiles of the devil." It is nothing less than warfare in the spirit, a conflict that is invisible to all but discerning believers. It is a contention for the truth of the Gospel in the face of false prophets and teachers, to both evangelize and restore the deceived and to edify and defend the Body. We contend there are few more demanding ministries and disciplines required than for the countercult ministry. And it goes way beyond simple argumentation with cult missionaries: the countercult ministry requires an integrative approach that can easily demand of the countercult worker a dear price: the patience of the pastor, the aptitude of the teacher, the zeal of the evangelist, the discernment of the prophet, and the mission mindedness of the apostle.

How did countercult work begin?

Cultic groups have circulated throughout Western civilization and the United States for generations representing themselves as organizations claiming to speak exclusively for God and who have institutionalized the free usage of mind control, deceptive claims, unscrupulous and unethical practices, and outright religious abuse. Groups such as these have left in their wake many destroyed marriages, disrupted families, and suicidal children along with the untold amounts of societal destablization and ruin such activity would bring.

But in the United States the same First Amendment freedoms that have given cult groups the means to brazenly carry on their destructive work also guarantee that voices of dissent can also be heard - and organized. Hence the rise of the countercult movement, a movement prefigured by the isolated protests of a few brave men and women in the spiritual wilderness of the last two centuries. These were primarily Christian clergy, deistic rationalists and Jewish rabbis who recognized the seductive lure of spiritual manipulation and tried to sound an alarm, but were largely ignored. With the rise of the cultural turmoil of the 1960's in post-Christian Western society came a tremendous amount of growth in cult group formation and activity. Concerted efforts to counter these organizations began to be manifest in the development of cult deprogramming (through the efforts of men like Ted Patrick and Patrick Ryan) and grass roots formation of support groups for the families of cult members. These hapless and bewildered families saw loved ones change into mindless individuals and disappear into cult communities for good, and could find help nowhere else.

Research by Robert J. Lifton, Leon Festinger, Eric Hoffer and others concerning thought reform, social psychology and the powerful influence of group dynamics gave great insight into the power of the cult, and the draw of the mass movement. Organizations that opposed groups such as the Unification Church, the Children of God and the ISKCON movement began to appear and actively network with one another. With the high profile mass suicide of the People's Temple cult in Guyana in the late 1970's, the effort gained tremendous impetus. The now defunct Cult Awareness Network became a major clearinghouse of information and support of countercult activity at that time. Today, this largely secular movement is headed up by organizations such as the American Family Foundation, ReFocus, and individual professional counselors, researchers, and university professors. The continuing influence of deceptive religious groups - aside from the well known debacles at Rajneeshpuram and the Heaven's Gate group, among others - in the more mundane circles of life have required their presence.

About the same time that purely secular efforts to oppose cult groups began, the religious community began to mount its own response, largely if not entirely along Jewish and Christian lines. The Christian faith was being seen as directly challenged by cultic innovations, and the early Church's ancient tactic of the apologia, or reasoned defense of the Faith, enjoyed a long overdue rediscovery by her spiritual heirs. Classical Christian apologetical training became the foundation for countercult work, and drawing on the work of pioneering Christian researchers such as J.K. Van Baalen, Walter Martin, and John Gerstner, individual Christian groups and communities started to explore the culture of deception that cult groups firmly established to reach out to them in actual mission work. 

These largely Evangelical and Jewish efforts proceeded from the perception that these groups were not merely "competitors" but were spiritually destructive influences that defied orthodoxy, targeted new converts and the established faithful who were ignorant of the dangers. Many of the Christian workers involved in this work also began to network and organize, some of them being actual ex members of various cult groups themselves who felt a deeper sense of personal ownership in the mission aspect. Helplines and exit counseling, as in secular efforts, became part of the arsenal used in the silent conflict. Christian ministries such as the Spiritual Counterfeits Project, CARIS, Watchman Fellowship and the Christian Research Institute came into being in the 1970's and have been the Christian Church's major resource on spiritual deception since then.

In the past twenty years, Evangelical publishing houses have produced many long needed resources and books on the cult problem that have helped sensitize the Church to its challenge. The Church of God (Cleveland)  Lay Affairs Office-created curricula on cult outreach and the Southern Baptist Convention's Interfaith Witness Office were perhaps the first major attempts by the Church to professionalize a response to spiritual deception, and the creation of the Evangelical Ministries To New Religions coalition (EMNR), an organization dedicated to advancing Christian mission among cultic groups, is more evidence that countercult work is being recognized for the bona fide ministry that is has always been. A growing but established presence of Christian counter cult and apologetics ministries on the World Wide Web continues to escalate. With the rise of a new pagan "spirituality" in our post-Christian society, it has become obvious that the defense of the Faith can no longer be ignored. But whether the Church as a whole will ever embrace such a Biblical mandate as it once did remains to be seen, and personally, we are concerned that present trends seem to make that possibility more and more remote.

Does the Bible say anything about cults?

While there would not appear to be much in common between the ancient Near East   as described in the Bible and today's modern world, the descriptions and activities of certain  religious and philosophical factions and leaders of that day give great insight into how cultic groups operate. 

Some of the  most  revealing   passages are about the apostacy of Israel (Deuteronomy 32:17, 28-29), the spiritual abuse of its people by its leaders (Ezekiel 34:1-10), the elitist pride of the Pharisees (John 9:28-34), and the nature of false teachings themselves (Colossians 2:8, 18-23, 1 Timothy 4:1-3, 2 Peter 2:9-10, 12-19). 

Time will not  permit us to bring forth the many other Scriptural allusions we are referring to, but these glimpses of divisive deception and abuse (along with the others we have offered  in these articles) are a good introduction. An indepth Spiritwatch Ministry Real Audio teaching on deceptive movements that twist Scripture and masquerade as the "cutting edge" of Christian faith today can be heard in two parts by clicking on these links here and here. 

From a purely Biblical perspective, 2 Corinthians 11:4 gives us the clearest and most concise description of how cults may be discerned. False teachings, the apostle Paul warned here, will introduce three major errors to the unsuspecting in the name of Christianity. First they will preach their own determination of who Jesus Christ is, denying his Biblically revealed identity as God the Son and exchanging it with another. They'll point to "another Jesus." Secondly, cult teachers will proclaim a "gospel message" that is ultimately is a message of works-centered salvation, in sharpest contrast to the Good News of saving grace through faith in Christ (Ephesians 2:8-9). They'll preach "another gospel." Thirdly, the revealed spiritual nature of the work of the cult claims to be, but actually is not, inspired by God the Spirit. Instead, a chilling reference is made to spiritual entities who lend tremendous spiritual power to their natural human puppets to preach deceptive gospels. They'll be empowered by "another spirit." This is the work of demonic agents in allegiance with Satan, the opposer of God throughout history.

Shouldn't defending the faith be left only to "the experts"?

This is a question that stems from similar lines of inquiry concerning the calling to Christian ministry that are asked by many Christians today, as in the past. This is a vital and fundamental question: how we answer it will define just how we will approach the uneasy, fragile, almost antagonistic ties that the Church seems to have with those willing to defend the faith, choosing many times to castigate them as judgmental "heresy hunters" and "critics" who tear down and criticize needlessly.

We hold that a balanced understanding of the Scriptures we've reviewed earlier is that the corporate Body of Christ has been specifically charged to earnestly contend for the faith, to provide an answer for every man who wants an answer concerning their questions of our faith, and to proclaim the Gospel of Christ to all mankind. That the Body has historically not done a good job of this is the understatement of the age. It is all too obvious that the Church has been, for the most part in the last two millennia, been laboring under spiritual malaise, division, or outright carnal ignorance. At one time in her past, however, we can see that this was not always the case, at least in comparison to the magnitude of apathy, ignorance and prejudice of today's Church. Amidst the backlash, affliction and chaos that the first great persecution wrought upon the early Church in Acts 8, we find the report of Luke, the ever careful historian that he was, recording that "those who had been scattered preached the word wherever they went" (Acts 8:4 NIV). Despite the loss of apostolic leadership, daily worship, and house church fellowship, the believers who were dispersed throughout Israel fearlessly proclaimed the Gospel.

This presupposes a degree of spiritual maturity that the entire early Church was to emulate: if this was a reality in the early Church, then we would contend that the apostolic admonitions of Jude and Peter for the church to collectively defend the faith are to be considered as binding today for all Christians. Period. Although the Church today is nowhere near that level of maturity (really, how many churches can be said to be - to a man, woman and child - be preaching "as they go" in this backslidden age? cf. Mt. 28:19) we are still, in my opinion, not relieved of that responsibility. Therefore, we cannot consider countercult ministry as something reserved only for a few "called" to it, and the Spirit of God still awaits the Body of Christ to embrace this mandate (as well as the countless other charges to defend the widow, to feed the hungry, to receive strangers into one's home, and generally to be real salt and light).

Thank God for those who have responded to His calling in this area   of countercult and discernment ministry, and have provided such profound contributions and examples in tackling the challenge, brothers like Craig Branch, Charles Beach, John Farkas and Jerry Yamamoto, and sisters like Jobi Eaves, Angela Goedelman,  Lora Burton and Joy Veinot. Still, we do not feel that it is the province only of the "enlightened" countercult worker alone in the defense of the Faith. We are all called to this sacred task. There is no Greek to parse or creedal convention to recite that can possibly refute this simple truth (for the sake of seeming "objective"), mainly because such a comforting and conscience numbing option that could be used to dismiss such a declaration is nonexistent.

While the world, the flesh and the devil continue to gnaw away at the old landmarks and the ancient foundations of the Faith, we have absolutely no excuse for ignoring its' commands to demonstrate our Christian maturity through discernment, to try all things, and to earnestly contend for its very existence. Only our own spiritual hardness of heart and lack of spiritual passion for what is True and Right in the sight of the Father keep us paralyzed. In the sight of the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, the terrifying depravity of our fallen world, and the continued backslidings of an increasingly nominal and almost irrelevant "church," such an attitude is sheer spiritual folly that only adds religious Novocain to our already dulled senses. A falling away indeed is at work here.

So, assuming we are correct, we feel justified in making this final charge directly to all of  those reading this  article who would call themselves Christians: what will you do with what you now know? Will you lay aside this article considering this to have been a fascinating intellectual exercise about last days perils that, however interesting, has only the most fleeting relevance to your "real life"? Do you now conclude this with an amazement that will last just long enough until the next thing catches your bored eye? Or will have you seen a universe of ministry that has barely been charted by the Church? Will you have heard the mandate by our Lord as given through apostolic admonition? And will you earnestly seek the Lord for what He would have you to do in this hidden and silent war of the ages, the conflict between truth and error?

We realize this may sound as if we are coming on too strong, as if   we are perhaps being too dramatic and grave, even fanatical. Strong passions are indeed unsettling. Yet after several years of beholding on the front lines the human cost of deception, we don't think it is possible to overstate the case to people who have never been in the arena, or even aware of the warfare that  routinely claims many innocents in the lines of strange cultic fire. Generation after generation of precious men, women and children like you and me have become unwitting victims of deception-inspired breakdowns, suicides, molestations, spiritual abuse, and religious megalomania that have left them living lives of control-oriented legalism, or premature graves. All of them known and loved by God, all of them mattering so much to Him as you and I that Jesus Christ emptied himself of all Glory to become like them - and us - yet without sin, to die for all our sins.

No, we believe the gravest matter to be considered here is this: that such a horrendous tragedy as the rise of global spiritual deception and subsequent global destruction of human life could ever have risen to the crisis point that it is at today, and that much if not most of this state of affairs is due to the irresponsibility of the Church's failure to reach its hands out to the drowning - among other things.

One former cult member who came to know Christ after years of patient personal work by a faithful Christian worker later was to overhear outside a Sunday School class the complaint of a less patient Christian about the amount of time that it takes to witness to cultists. "Why, with all of that time and effort," they protested, "you can win several people to Christ!" The ex-cultist pulled the Christian aside afterwards and said "you are right. It is true. You could have won many others to the Lord with the time taken to witness to me. But," he concluded with a shining face, "I'm so glad someone thought I was worth the trouble."

RDM

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Heresies, Harold O.J. Brown, Baker 1984

Orthodoxy And Heresy, Robert Bowman,  Baker 1992.

An Introduction To Christian Apologetics, Edward  John  Carnell, Eerdmans, 1948.

Combatting  Cult Mind Control, Steven Hassan, Park  Street, 1990.

Recovery From Cults, edited by Michael Langone, Norton, 1993

Cult Proofing Your Kids, Paul Martin, Zondervan, Zondervan 1993.

Contend For The Faith, edited by Eric Pement, EMNR, 1992

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